ketamine withdrawal symptoms

Ketamine is a dissociative drug primarily used by veterinarians as an anesthetic for large animals. However, in recent years smaller doses of the substance have been used to treat depression, suicidal ideation, substance use disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[1] While ketamine can be effective in managing the symptoms of…

gabapentin withdrawal

Gabapentin is a prescription medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as anticonvulsants.[1] Gabapentin is primarily used to treat epilepsy, nerve pain, and restless leg syndrome. While gabapentin is effective in treating these conditions, some individuals may begin to abuse it. Studies have found that 40-60% of people…

codeine withdrawal symptoms

Opioid addiction is a serious problem in the United States. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), opioids were responsible for 80,411 overdose deaths in 2021.[1] Opioids are a class of drugs that include substances like hydrocodone, oxycodone, methadone, heroin, fentanyl, codeine, and more. While heroin and oxycodone are…

risk factors for delirium tremens

Alcohol abuse is a common problem in the United States, partially because of how normalized drinking is. While occasional use of alcohol is okay, excessive drinking can lead to an alcohol use disorder. According to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, nearly 30 million people suffered from alcohol…

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